The evolution of Electrical and Electronic (E/E) architectures in the automotiveAbstract: The evolution of Electrical and Electronic (E/E) architectures in the automotiveindustry has been a significant factor in the transformation of vehicles from traditionalmechanical systems to sophisticated, software-defined machines. With increasing vehicleconnectivity and the growing threats from cyberattacks that could compromise safety andviolate user privacy, the incorporation of cybersecurity into the automotive developmentprocess is becoming imperative. As vehicles evolve into sophisticated interconnected systems,understanding their vulnerabilities becomes essential to improve cybersecurity. Thispaper also discusses the role of evolving standards and regulations, such as ISO 26262 andISO/SAE 21434, in ensuring both the safety and cybersecurity of modern vehicles. Thispaper offers a comprehensive review of the current challenges in automotive cybersecurity,with a focus on the vulnerabilities of the Controller Area Network (CAN) protocol. Additionally,we explore state-of-the-art countermeasures, focusing on Intrusion DetectionSystems (IDSs), which are increasingly leveraging artificial intelligence and machine learningtechniques to detect anomalies and prevent attacks in real time. Through an analysisof publicly available CAN datasets, we evaluate the effectiveness of IDS frameworks inmitigating these threats.
Keywords: automotive cybersecurity; vehicle E/E architecture; intrusion detection systems(IDSs); controller area network (CAN); in-vehicle network (IVN); ISO road vehicles; CANdataset
